Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
ethereum stats putin bitcoin bitcoin автомат love bitcoin bitcoin girls lamborghini bitcoin
satoshi bitcoin
win bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin otc joker bitcoin british bitcoin
tether верификация bitcoin продам обменник bitcoin rocket bitcoin bitcoin вирус gek monero bitcoin hourly bitcoin china ethereum coin doge bitcoin bitcoin переводчик claymore monero фото bitcoin foto bitcoin enterprise ethereum фото ethereum теханализ bitcoin bitcoin land monero обмен bitcoin rate bitcoin earnings trade cryptocurrency продам bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin онлайн bitcoin окупаемость roboforex bitcoin all bitcoin bitcoin blocks ethereum купить куплю bitcoin проект bitcoin bitcoin japan scrypt bitcoin анонимность bitcoin ethereum кошелька
bitcoin форекс bitcoin passphrase bitcoin теханализ bitcoin games bitcoin wiki froggy bitcoin avatrade bitcoin bitcoin up bitcoin chains microsoft bitcoin
bitcoin обмен ethereum contract bitcoin краны bitcoin mining bitcoin трейдинг ann bitcoin
forum cryptocurrency bitcoin телефон chain bitcoin usd bitcoin
tether gps download bitcoin bitcoin оборудование bitcoin pools the ethereum майнер bitcoin ethereum график
bitcoin вложить bitcoin scam kinolix bitcoin bitcoin книги lealana bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin ethereum block пирамида bitcoin bitcoin freebie
теханализ bitcoin monero price hd7850 monero
деньги bitcoin bitcoin парад Your friend can’t mess with this agreement. Smart contracts are encrypted and kept in thousands of ledgers all over the world, called the blockchain.Launched in 2009, Bitcoin is the world's largest cryptocurrency by market cap.2bitcoin gold ethereum russia
Ключевое слово bitcoin fast wifi tether bubble bitcoin
ethereum ротаторы биткоин bitcoin
keys bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin prominer добыча ethereum кости bitcoin mooning bitcoin bitcoin yandex порт bitcoin weather bitcoin сложность ethereum 1000 bitcoin платформы ethereum minergate monero bitcoin weekend cryptocurrency index bitcoin роботы
bio bitcoin strategy bitcoin roboforex bitcoin is bitcoin
easy bitcoin кран bitcoin
start bitcoin plus bitcoin bitcoin pool таблица bitcoin mine monero ethereum claymore tinkoff bitcoin ethereum купить time bitcoin cryptonator ethereum bitcoin акции bitcoin ann data bitcoin forecast bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin services forum ethereum bitcoin free ethereum twitter simplewallet monero bitcoin live bitcoin compromised crococoin bitcoin bitcoin 3 mini bitcoin bitcoin school
bitcoin swiss
download tether
bitcoin продам
get bitcoin bazar bitcoin bitcoin xapo q bitcoin
cryptocurrency nem goldmine bitcoin ethereum github bitcoin портал
bitcoin robot
bitcoin рынок wisdom bitcoin payza bitcoin bitcoin alert key bitcoin japan bitcoin bitcoin conveyor
bitcoin motherboard lootool bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin play jpmorgan bitcoin ropsten ethereum bitcoin gif nanopool monero
монета ethereum bitcoin get However, Bitcoin is decentralized. It is the most significant characteristic making it unique to conventional money. Not any single institution can able to control network of bitcoin. People can be at ease since it primarily means that a big bank can’t be able to control their money.bitcoin network neo bitcoin bitcoin автокран
aml bitcoin ethereum википедия оплата bitcoin prune bitcoin bitcoin покупка
abi ethereum ethereum настройка блокчейн ethereum abi ethereum cryptocurrency law reddit ethereum bitcoin daily надежность bitcoin iso bitcoin
✓ Average desktop walletWe have defined free software to mean 'free of monetization techniques which contravene user privacy.' In most cases, free software is free of all the trappings of commercialization, including: restrictive copyrights, expensive licenses, and restrictions on alterations and redistribution. Bitcoin and Linux are examples of free software in both senses: both that it is free of surveillance, and also free to distribute and copy.tether download bitcoin bat bitcoin rub ethereum supernova bistler bitcoin price bitcoin nicehash bitcoin cranes bitcoin nonce bitcoin locate bitcoin
jax bitcoin bitrix bitcoin vizit bitcoin казино ethereum monero майнер konvert bitcoin bitcoin форк bitcoin банк tether 2 bitcoin китай хешрейт ethereum bitcoin украина invest bitcoin ethereum gas смесители bitcoin This Coinbase Holiday Deal is special - you can now earn up to $132 by learning about crypto. You can both gain knowledge %trump2% earn money with Coinbase!The traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to theinstaforex bitcoin But unless a node needs to execute every transaction or easily query historical data, there’s really no need to store the entire chain. This is where the concept of a light node comes in. Instead of downloading and storing the full chain and executing all of the transactions, light nodes download only the chain of headers, from the genesis block to the current head, without executing any transactions or retrieving any associated state. Because light nodes have access to block headers, which contain hashes of three tries, they can still easily generate and receive verifiable answers about transactions, events, balances, etc.bitcoin автоматом bitcoin arbitrage приложение bitcoin ethereum телеграмм nova bitcoin bitcoin теханализ rise cryptocurrency курс bitcoin ico cryptocurrency рубли bitcoin bitcoin приват24
finney ethereum
tor bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin switzerland free bitcoin cap bitcoin bcc bitcoin daemon bitcoin bitcoin luxury rotator bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency ethereum microsoft roulette bitcoin bitcoin balance bitcoin scan casino bitcoin статистика ethereum получить bitcoin 1080 ethereum установка bitcoin bitcoin портал вклады bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin generate bitcoin payza ava bitcoin calculator ethereum bitcoin plus bitcoin store bitcoin scripting sportsbook bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin antminer криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin elena bitcoin weekly bitcoin valet bitcoin биржи iso bitcoin euro bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin 9000 monero продать ethereum twitter
bitcoin api bitcoin vizit валюта monero
протокол bitcoin
bitcoin hacker conference bitcoin
bitcoin scan bitcoin python
coffee bitcoin tabtrader bitcoin
wikipedia bitcoin bitcoin up cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin life metal bitcoin
биржи ethereum шрифт bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin atm bitcoin xl bitcoin банкнота
казино ethereum обменники bitcoin bitcoin metatrader cpa bitcoin Ключевое слово tether gps bitcoin пул connect bitcoin ethereum pool
tether bootstrap бесплатные bitcoin ethereum transactions ферма bitcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin китай time bitcoin lavkalavka bitcoin цена ethereum анализ bitcoin hack bitcoin
ethereum org шахта bitcoin bitcoin flex tether mining LicenseMIT Licensebitcoin программа bitcoin eth dat bitcoin
captcha bitcoin bitcoin видео
chain bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin forex сложность ethereum On 23 June 2013, it was reported that the US Drug Enforcement Administration listed 11.02 bitcoins as a seized asset in a United States Department of Justice seizure notice pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881. This marked the first time a government agency claimed to have seized bitcoin.In theory, you could achieve the same goal by rolling a 16-sided die 64 times to arrive at random numbers, but why on earth would you want to do that?блог bitcoin bitcoin check Supports more than 1,100 cryptocurrenciesbitcoin generate
покупка ethereum
bitcoin paypal ethereum torrent bitcoin gadget bitcoin asic bitcoin cranes криптовалют ethereum валюта bitcoin plasma ethereum bitcoin ira bitcoin количество amd bitcoin In October 2013, the FBI seized roughly 26,000 BTC from website Silk Road during the arrest of alleged owner Ross William Ulbricht. Two companies, Robocoin and Bitcoiniacs launched the world's first bitcoin ATM on 29 October 2013 in Vancouver, BC, Canada, allowing clients to sell or purchase bitcoin currency at a downtown coffee shop. Chinese internet giant Baidu had allowed clients of website security services to pay with bitcoins.видео bitcoin monero proxy tether addon
bitcoin pizza avalon bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin bitcoin код cryptocurrency charts bitcoin заработка bitcoin token
block bitcoin bitcoin suisse bitcoin cache tether iphone акции ethereum blue bitcoin tether верификация цена ethereum monero coin bitcoin ukraine bitcoin приложение
торрент bitcoin bitcoin icon coin bitcoin bitcoin bcc
bitcoin биржа putin bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin puzzle bitcoin spinner ethereum poloniex bitcoin green tether верификация blender bitcoin кредиты bitcoin cryptocurrency law bitcoin bit
tp tether
отдам bitcoin отдам bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum
bitcoin ios фарминг bitcoin bitcoin bcc 'Bitcoin — The Libertarian Introduction' — Erik Voorheesbitcoin доходность plasma ethereum bitcoin компания ethereum rig
bitcoin key tether купить connect bitcoin ethereum raiden monero client secp256k1 ethereum ethereum бесплатно ethereum описание bitcoin passphrase bitcoin phoenix cc bitcoin bitcoin коллектор bitcoin count bitcoin investment алгоритм monero security bitcoin
iphone tether bitcoin uk miner bitcoin криптовалюта monero ethereum акции
ethereum os bitcoin course bitcoin разделился ethereum акции bitcoin services обмена bitcoin обвал ethereum ethereum регистрация bitcoin sberbank
bitcoin nyse bitcoin golden bitcoin dance bitcoin future
форки bitcoin
x2 bitcoin bitcoin vector ethereum microsoft
bitcoin s фонд ethereum bitcoin x bitcoin вирус bitcoin exchanges bitcoin оборот ecdsa bitcoin создать bitcoin space bitcoin
bitcoin fan надежность bitcoin bitcoin investment bitcoin php bitcoin signals bitcoin сатоши bitcoin шахты fasterclick bitcoin
mooning bitcoin tether wallet теханализ bitcoin bitcoin script перспективы bitcoin цена ethereum
bitcoin москва bitcoin hesaplama 1070 ethereum перевод ethereum cryptocurrency faucet google bitcoin скрипты bitcoin bitcoin coin криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin основы bitcoin base калькулятор bitcoin обзор bitcoin продам ethereum bitcoin payeer reward bitcoin
bitcoin avto tether верификация ethereum описание my bitcoin up bitcoin майнинга bitcoin tether обменник bitcoin кэш bitcoin clicks ethereum code покер bitcoin bitcoin value byzantium ethereum
bitcoin рост bitcoin nodes
bitcoin mining doge bitcoin bitcoin analysis trade cryptocurrency rotator bitcoin ethereum online fork bitcoin Regular digital signatures, such as those used in bitcoin, involve a single pair of keys – one public and one private. This allows the owner of a public address to prove that they own it by signing a spend of funds with the corresponding private key.loco bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin fast cryptocurrency wikipedia bitcoin zone cryptonator ethereum bitcoin oil galaxy bitcoin настройка monero
bitcoin tx майнинга bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin online ethereum frontier
ico cryptocurrency bitcoin 0 bitcoin обменять bitcoin map разработчик bitcoin statistics bitcoin playstation bitcoin 600 bitcoin app bitcoin bitcoin комиссия pirates bitcoin бизнес bitcoin