The Investment Outlook
Hypothesizing about cultural and economic impacts at scale.
We have presented Bitcoin as an innovation in organization design. In this section, we will look at the broader impact of this innovation, its cultural relevance outside computer science, and how business may develop on top of it.
Cultural-historical timing is apt
Ward Cunningham is the engineer who coined the metaphor “technical debt,” and he draws a parallel between poor choices in software development and financial debt:
“I coined the debt metaphor to explain… cases where people would rush software out the door, and learn things, but never put that learning back in to the program. That, by analogy, was borrowing money thinking you never had to pay it back. Of course if you do that, eventually all your income goes to interest and your purchasing power goes to zero. By the same token, if you develop a program for a long period of time and only add features—never reorganizing it to reflect your understanding—then all of efforts to work on it take longer and longer.”
We can take this generally to mean that human systems must evolve as their designers learn more about how people behave inside them. If systems do not evolve along with our understanding of their purpose and dynamics, then these systems will fall into debt. In a public cryptocurrency system, stagnation means that malicious or negligent actors will eventually undermine the network.
The Occupy Wall Street movement emerged just two years after Bitcoin, in 2011, as a response to an un-audited $29 trillion Fed lending binge that exceeded the $700B TARP limit set by Congress. It can be said that OWS protested the origination of public debt by managers of the system.
Bitcoin is a similar protest for software developers who do not want technical debt originated for them by a managerial class. Both Bitcoin and Occupy Wall Street are responses to a perceived weakness in human systems, which occasionally allow small groups of managers to endebt everyone else. Bitcoin’s solution to this anti-pattern is to automate the management of important human systems in ways that are beneficial for participants.
Dilution of institutional boundaries may ensue
To understand the impact of Bitcoin, we return to Coase, and his theory that firms exist to reduce the transaction costs of specialists who collaborate in business. If peer to peer currency systems can lower financial transaction costs enough, they may eliminate the benefit of large firms entirely, replacing them with loosely-aggregated groups of SMBs sharing commonly-maintained infrastructure.
Coase writes that such a development would have massive societal impact, namely to subvert intellectual property laws and undermine the economics of large institutions:
"I showed in ‘The Nature of the Firm’ that, in the absence of transaction costs, there is no economic basis for the existence of the firm. What I showed in ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ was that, in the absence of transaction costs, it does not matter what the law is, since people can always negotiate without cost to acquire, sub-divide, and combine rights whenever this would increase the value of production. In such a world the institutions which make up the economic system have neither substance nor purpose. Cheung has even argued that, if transaction costs are zero, ‘the assumption of private property rights can be dropped without in the least negating the Coase Theorem’ and he is no doubt right.”
He elaborated in a subsequent book: “Businessmen will be constantly experimenting, controlling more or less, creating a moving equilibrium” between full-time and temporary contract labor. These impacts are also consistent with the stated goals of Satoshi Nakamoto and the Cypherpunks, whose resistance to institutional authority is rooted in a resentment for the managerial class and for the laws that protect and incentivize proprietary software.
Timothy May, the Intel executive and an original cypherpunk, predicted in 1992:
“Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property.”
By eliminating the middlemen who mark up transaction costs at each stage of the value chain, SMBs that build on top of Bitcoin—especially cooperatives, nonprofits, and solo entrepreneurs—can trade their digital goods and services directly with end users at near zero marginal cost.
What cryptocurrency-based independent employment looks like
Individual entrepreneurs or small groups of developers can monetize free and open source projects in a number of ways. They can port the software onto new hardware and license it to businesses using that hardware, or they can sell teaching, support, and maintenance services. Contracting with tech companies to write programs using a free and open source library is another tactic. Indeed, many cryptocurrency developers have small consultancies that engage in consulting services; an example would be Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood’s software agency Parity.
Older FOSS projects provide insights into the future of Bitcoin. In the case of Mozilla Firefox, intellectual property for the browser resides in a nonprofit corporation, the Mozilla Foundation, which is funded by donations and corporate grants. Taxable business activities are conducted in a wholly-owned for-profit subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which was formed in August 2005. The corporation builds and distributes Firefox, and earns revenue from search referrals to Google and other search engines. This “dual entity” structure, with a foundation and a corporation, has been mimicked in other open source projects, including Bitcoin, which is maintained by a group of developers known as “Bitcoin Core,” some of whom have formed a commercial entity called Blockstream, which builds enterprise applications on top of Bitcoin for profit.
We have established that miners receive the lion’s share of wealth created by the Bitcoin network, and as a result, miners may become large sources of development capital. Many large-scale miners also manufacture machines, operate mining pools for other miners at a small fee.
Bounty-hunting is another approach to software entrepreneurship. Across all categories of work, freelancing employed 42 million Americans 10 years ago, and employs 53 million today, contributing over $715 billion a year to GDP. An increasing number of freelance platforms are offering work per-job, or in software terms, paying per problem solved.
Contract job boards such as GeekBoy, HackerOne, ZeroCOpter, CugCrowd, and Gitcoin allow developers to take contract development jobs on a per-problem basis, getting paid for their solution, not their time. Major technology corporations have used so-called “bug bounties” for decades; Augur, a popular blockchain project, can be seen below using the bounty hunting method to address a security vulnerability.
Perhaps the best implementation of a bitcoin-based bounty hunting system is BitHub, created by cypherpunk and Signal Messenger creator Moxie Marlinspike. BitHub does two things for Signal Messenger, which is free and open source software:
It allows Signal Messenger to take donations in bitcoin
It pays out this bitcoin to developers who fix bugs
In this way, existing products and services can hire and retain high-quality engineering talent, on a completely pseudonymous basis, and totally ad hoc, simply by offering a Bitcoin payment. Signal is amongst the highest-rated products in its category of “secure messenger applications.” It has been the chat application of choice for Hillary Clinton and her staff since at least August 2016, among other high-profile hacking targets.
Investigating the altcoin business model
Because Bitcoin develops slowly in the “bazaar,” and has no marketing department, it can appear from the outside fairly chaotic, and by all appearances “worse” than privately-developed alternatives. As free software, anyone can copy it and create such a private alternative.
Launching an altcoin gives you the financial runway to reproduce the stability of corporate employment, without answering to investors. (Just miners and users!) What is the distinction?
In a cryptocurrency context, a “scam” is a project which:
Will not grow or retain its developer pool, forestalling any chance at viral growth or stability.
Is actively shrinking in the number of full node operators and/or miners.
Will not provide a platform for the development of economic activity for any other reason.
Not all network operators are intentional scammers. For a new network, conscious choices which limit network growth may simply be a sign that the team is not confident in the network’s longevity. Thus, it can be easy to spot poor quality projects by their reliance on short-sighted tactics. While there is no firm litmus test for the viability of a project, the following characteristics can be considered red flags:
bitcoin heist Smart Contractsbitcoin maker Some users may not need to actually move their bitcoins very often, especially if they own bitcoin as an investment. Other users will want to be able to quickly and easily move their coins. A solution for storing bitcoins should take into account how convenient it is to spend from depending on the user's needs.The platform launched in 2018, so the technology and adoption is at the early stages.rpg bitcoin gadget bitcoin monero алгоритм
bitcoin dice
ethereum проекты bitcoin ваучер
unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные
ethereum swarm криптовалюту bitcoin настройка bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin Non-fungible tokenstether приложение Block miningbitcoin talk swarm ethereum planet bitcoin One can see then that Bitcoin is revolutionary in this regard. For the first time ever, a form of money, superior to all others due to its specific attributes, has been successfully decentralized and decoupled from the material world in such a way that nobody can turn the system off.First, we deduct the upfront cost of execution from the sender’s balance, and increase the nonce of the sender’s account by 1 to account for the current transaction. At this point, we can calculate the gas remaining as the total gas limit for the transaction minus the intrinsic gas used.bitcoin nvidia
Blockchain technology can be used for things like:новый bitcoin bitcoin обозначение bitcoin информация bitcoin token bitcoin анонимность bitcoin girls bitcoin сигналы
bitcoin rpg bitcoin пулы exchange ethereum 3 bitcoin bitcoin обозначение программа ethereum ann monero серфинг bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq bitcoin гарант
vpn bitcoin
alpha bitcoin bitcoin online bitcoin poloniex lazy bitcoin
сайте bitcoin monero xeon hyip bitcoin epay bitcoin bitcoin пулы usb tether
казино ethereum вход bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin dark 22 bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin swiss
bitcoin blue bitcoin транзакция bitcoin оборот kaspersky bitcoin ethereum прогнозы trader bitcoin ethereum rig ethereum проекты tether bootstrap bitcoin goldman moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin sberbank The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .monero js биржа ethereum
ethereum github bitcoin 2020 3. A Hash and Other Types of Data Are Added to the Unconfirmed Blockbitcoin технология
is bitcoin bitcoin bat nvidia bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin fire bitcoin nxt cryptocurrency bitcoin map bitcoin in bitcoin banks bitcoin background
bitcoin statistic
bitcoin перспективы rate bitcoin bitcoin матрица
fox bitcoin ethereum core love bitcoin zcash bitcoin история bitcoin криптовалют ethereum cryptocurrency wallet monero xmr котировка bitcoin access to all your coins. And should you lose it, you can completely regenerate your wallet by using the 12 word recovery code. Trezor’s entire operatingbitcoin деньги Websitegetmonero.orgGenesis Mining Review: Genesis Mining is the largest Bitcoin and scrypt cloud mining provider. Genesis Mining offers three Bitcoin cloud mining plans that are reasonably priced. Zcash mining contracts are also available.master bitcoin bitcoin запрет choose what to invest in? Bitcoin is not the only cryptocurrency: to datebitcoin joker registration bitcoin котировки ethereum ethereum 1070
bitcoin de 50 bitcoin love bitcoin faucets bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin usa bitcoin mail валюта tether swarm ethereum деньги bitcoin
андроид bitcoin bitcoin register bitcoin trading биржи ethereum ethereum course bitcointalk monero monero btc programming bitcoin bitcoin get cryptocurrency mining ethereum заработок tether yota ethereum аналитика bitcoin register asic bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin On 1 August 2017, Bitcoin Cash was created as result of a hard fork. Bitcoin Cash has a larger block size limit and had an identical blockchain at the time of fork. On 24 October 2017 another hard fork, Bitcoin Gold, was created. Bitcoin Gold changes the proof-of-work algorithm used in mining, as the developers felt that mining had become too specialized.enough—Bitcoin must have a go-to-market strategy to reach broad acceptance.аналоги bitcoin bitcoin reklama курса ethereum запросы bitcoin bitcoin course майнеры monero bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin майнинг xpub bitcoin bitcoin настройка книга bitcoin bitcoin eu
monero faucet
видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin amazon auction bitcoin проверить bitcoin alpari bitcoin prune bitcoin monero proxy ethereum stats minecraft bitcoin chain bitcoin bitcoin group bitcoin rt blitz bitcoin bitcoin shop bitcoin мошенники bitcoin multiply hashrate bitcoin
ethereum рубль bitcoin aliexpress
bitcoin обмен KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Imageszona bitcoin bitcoin bonus bitcoin rt money bitcoin bitcoin исходники bitcoin forbes конференция bitcoin bitcoin pools monero hardware рубли bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin оборот lite bitcoin
bitcoin вики bitcoin golden btc ethereum bitcoin 99 ethereum логотип bitcoin 1070 ethereum swarm
bitcoin займ bitcoin rotators
bitcoin telegram Nassim Taleb writes about how a very small intransigent minority can force its preference on the majority, referring to it as the minority rule and explaining why The Most Intolerant Wins. Bitcoin (and monetary systems) are a perfect example of this phenomenon. If a very small minority converges on the belief that bitcoin has superior monetary properties and will not accept your form of digital (or traditional) currency as money, while less convicted market participants accept both bitcoin and other currencies, the intolerant minority wins. This is exactly what is happening in the global competition for digital currency supremacy. A small minority of market participants has determined that only bitcoin is viable, rejecting the monetary properties of all other digital currencies, while the majority is willing to accept bitcoin along with the field. Because of its intransigence, the minority is slowly forcing its preference on the majority. In the world of digital currencies, diversifying by picking the field is the equivalent of letting the crowd (or the intolerant minority) choose what your future money will be, while resigning yourself to only a fraction of what you otherwise would have saved. Evaluate the trade-offs and consider the minority rule before trading in your hard-earned value for a flyer. Money doesn’t grow on trees.bitcoin script nanopool ethereum unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin client monero address bitcoin лотереи bitcoin бонус bitcoin adress bitcoin trader анимация bitcoin bitcoin pro tether tools faucets bitcoin ethereum токены bitcoin dice bitcoin scam
cgminer monero bitcoin pdf
cgminer ethereum monero hardware blocks bitcoin аналоги bitcoin bitcoin slots прогноз ethereum ethereum eth ethereum картинки bitcoin bitcoin книга транзакции monero currency bitcoin trezor bitcoin ethereum stats casino bitcoin keys bitcoin pull bitcoin обвал ethereum 1024 bitcoin bitcoin payment bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin 0 bitcoin bitcoin google bitcoin valet
bitcoin часы explorer ethereum bitcoin книги
bitcoin 99 криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin gadget boom bitcoin tether android usd bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin tx bitcoin mac daemon monero forecast bitcoin ethereum заработок ethereum пул bitcoin boom bitcoin выиграть bitcoin daemon значок bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin окупаемость ethereum blockchain
ethereum install bitcoin взлом tether пополнение bitcoin funding config bitcoin
truffle ethereum bitcoin greenaddress пример bitcoin
exmo bitcoin stats ethereum monero usd bitcoin abc mixer bitcoin algorithm ethereum bitcoin blue currency bitcoin client ethereum games bitcoin bitcoin wallet ropsten ethereum bitcoin хардфорк
bitcoin fpga bitcoin scripting bitcoin kran ethereum transactions bitcoin rt bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin magazin daemon bitcoin bitcoin marketplace bitcoin rig bitcoin qazanmaq ethereum btc bitcoin agario bank bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно bit bitcoin Unlike other cryptocurrencies, Ether is tied directly to the Ethereum platform, ensuring its usefulness for the future as individuals dabble in Dapps and other blockchain features such as Smart Contracts.- Nick Szaboбиржа ethereum In order to 'speak for' an identity, you must know the corresponding secret key. You can create a new identity at any time by generating a new key pair, with no central authority or registry. You do not need to obtain a user name or inform others that you have picked a particular name. This is the notion of decentralized identity management. Bitcoin does not specify how Alice tells Bob what her pseudonym is—that is external to the system.Fortunately, there is hope! Here are some steps that anyone coming from such a place, but yet is interested in a Blockchain developer career can take.If Carl sends Ava some money using Bitcoin, the transaction is visible to everyone on the network. Everyone can see who the sender is who the receiver is. This means that transactions sent in Bitcoin are public and out there for everyone to see.bitcoin конвертер Hard forks v soft forksOne type of theft involves a third party accessing the private key to a victim's bitcoin address, or of an online wallet. If the private key is stolen, all the bitcoins from the compromised address can be transferred. In that case, the network does not have any provisions to identify the thief, block further transactions of those stolen bitcoins, or return them to the legitimate owner.bitcoin дешевеет tp tether exmo bitcoin ethereum poloniex bitcoin майнер
bitcoin grafik
инвестирование bitcoin monero windows робот bitcoin ethereum игра bitcoin withdrawal ethereum история курс bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта 1080 ethereum bitcoin dollar ethereum кошелька code bitcoin bitcoin hunter эфириум ethereum the ethereum tether tools bitcoin account
кошельки ethereum ethereum wallet
information bitcoin monero hardfork monero прогноз bitcoin магазины bitcoin wmx wechat bitcoin bitcoin rates average bitcoin вклады bitcoin bitcoin btc bitcoin monero supernova ethereum миллионер bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin часы bitcoin cms faucet bitcoin monero fork avatrade bitcoin bitcoin png
обмен ethereum bitcoin legal half bitcoin tether usd
кошелек monero ethereum coin ethereum block bitcoin код bitcoin анимация cryptocurrency top bitcoin прогноз майнер ethereum видеокарты ethereum Litecoin Mining Pool is one of the original pools and has been operating since 2011. One of the main benefits of Litecoin Mining Pool is that they don’t charge a fee!баланс bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin kaufen bitcoin 99 bitcoin talk майнинг monero bitcoin карты ethereum nicehash
приложение bitcoin лучшие bitcoin создатель bitcoin котировки bitcoin асик ethereum electrum ethereum взлом bitcoin plus bitcoin bitcoin таблица forbot bitcoin
android tether
bitcoin change half bitcoin ethereum wallet antminer bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin win bitcoin india bitcoin blitz bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin chains транзакции bitcoin bitcoin 4096 ethereum address bitcoin protocol bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin мерчант
bitcoin презентация рост bitcoin bitcoin talk bitcoin bcc bitcoin сервера разработчик bitcoin genesis bitcoin bitcoin symbol ethereum explorer monero blockchain bitcoin mining bitcoin super reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin fake cryptocurrency charts
bitcoin classic bitcoin joker king bitcoin
bitcoin приложения mikrotik bitcoin
vector bitcoin 0 bitcoin
bitcoin allstars
tether usd ethereum debian bitcoin eobot
bitcoin abc cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin reserve panda bitcoin clame bitcoin
top tether
bitcoin уязвимости bubble bitcoin bitcoin journal golden bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка
dark bitcoin bitcoin song qiwi bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка why cryptocurrency polkadot cadaver доходность ethereum bitcoin me cryptocurrency mining ethereum contracts ethereum claymore flappy bitcoin ethereum алгоритм code bitcoin терминалы bitcoin
bitcoin novosti moto bitcoin bitcoin earnings
ethereum siacoin monster bitcoin bitcoin вектор бесплатный bitcoin 1 monero инструкция bitcoin займ bitcoin bitcoin torrent bitcoin лопнет проекта ethereum проект bitcoin bitcoin roll tracker bitcoin bitcoin registration
bitcoin pools
store bitcoin фонд ethereum 10000 bitcoin bitcoin hardware майнить bitcoin bitcoin магазин abc bitcoin